Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays

Extraction of metals and Alloys Essays Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper Extraction of metals and Alloys Paper A compound is a blend of metals, which may have unique and improved characteristics from metal components, which make it. The level of components in an amalgam can be customized to the application or reason it is being made for. Generally a composite is made of one metal (the base metal) with limited quantities of different metals included. Different metals supplant the situation of the base metal in its structure. Extraction of Metals A component or a compound in nature inside the earths hull is known as a mineral. They have a level of metal which can be separated. This is known as a metal mineral. The most widely recognized metal minerals are oxides and sulfides. Sulfides are the most seasoned minerals. Oxides are framed when photosynthesis in plants discharge oxygen into the air. Metal minerals are an endless asset and once they are utilized, they are no more. Reusing helps this. By and large 50% of all metal is reused through salvaged material offices. The Reactivity Series (See addendum chart 1) A metal that is under carbon in the Reactivity Series (zinc to silver) can be extricated from its mineral by warming with carbon. Carbon is utilized as it is effectively accessible and its modest (coke and charcoal are both carbon). The metal is then diminished by the carbon. Hydrogen might be utilized to lessen different metals which are lower than it on the Reactivity Series. It is more costly than carbon. It is just utilized for the extraction of tungsten. Gold and platinum are found normally as components and don't should be diminished. Silver and copper are likewise normally found. Extraction of Metals and Alloying Metal minerals are found in the earth. They are rocks containing mineral or metal mixes or metals themselves and should be separated or expelled from the stones and the ground. To separate a metal from its minerals you have to know its reactivity. The procedure includes a synthetic response where the metal is isolated from different components in the mineral. History of Metal Extraction Metals have been utilized by individuals for a huge number of years. Gold and silver found in nature, were utilized for adornments to show how well off individuals were. These two metals are too delicate to be in any way utilized as apparatuses. The primary valuable metal found was bronze (the Bronze Age). Bronze was utilized a great deal for devices and weapons in Asia and Africa from 4500 B.C. what's more, in Britain from 2000 B.C. Bronze isn't a component yet an amalgam of copper and tin. Metals of copper and metal can be decreased by warming with carbon. This would have occurred as individuals lit wood fires in a spot where tin and copper metal were. The consumed wood would have made the minerals (copper and tin) into bronze. After the Bronze Age, coal fires were utilized to create enough temperature for the extraction of iron (henceforth the Iron Age) The Iron Age started in Asia and Africa in 1100 B.C and in Britain in 500 B.C. Metals above carbon in the reactivity arrangement must be extricated by electrolysis. With the disclosure of power in the nineteenth century, this permitted the extraction of progressively responsive metals. Aluminum has been extricated since around 1870. (a long time since they discovered iron and 6000 years since they discovered bronze). Extraction of Aluminum Aluminum is the third generally bountiful (abundant) component in the Earths outside layer. It is progressively bountiful and the more costly to create contrasted and iron. This is on the grounds that it takes a great deal of power for the extraction procedure of electrolysis to occur. Around half of aluminum utilized is reused. It takes less vitality to reuse aluminuim than to extricate it from its metal. Taking care of expenses of aluminuim in the reusing procedure adds to this. Aluminum is high in the Reactivity Series and is impervious to erosion as a slender layer of aluminum oxide on its surface shields it from consuming. Aluminuim has the mineral called bauxite. Bauxite has aluminum oxide, water, iron and different things. The decontaminated metal is called alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina should be fluid or liquid before the extraction technique for electrolysis can occur. Alumina has a high liquefying point, so electrolysis is impossible at this temperature. Alumina can break down in cryolite, which causes it to have a lower dissolving point so electrolysis should be possible at about 950oC. The fundamental combination of aluminum is Duralumin. Aluminuim is additionally utilized in titanium composites. Duralumin is an amalgam of aluminuim (94%), copper (4%) and magnesium (1%). There may likewise be little amounts of manganese and silicon in the compound. Duralumin is a low thickness combination that has a more noteworthy solidarity to weight proportion than aluminum. Duralumin is utilized for airplane development. Properties and Uses of Aluminuim Aluminum is solid and has a low thickness. It is likewise impervious to consumption and can be effectively twisted into any shape. Aluminum is a decent conduit of warmth and power. It very well may be cleaned to accomplish an exceptionally intelligent surface. Aluminuim can be utilized for making airplane, lightweight vehicles, and stepping stools since it has a low thickness and it is solid. A compound of aluminum, called Duralumin is utilized rather than unadulterated aluminum in light of its improved properties. Aluminum, as it is anything but difficult to shape and consumption opposition, is a decent material for making drink jars and material. Its likewise utilized for nurseries and window outlines in light of its low thickness and protection from rust. Aluminum is a decent conductor of warmth, so it very well may be utilized for boilers, cookers and cookware. As it is a decent transmitter of power, it is utilized for power links and wire. Aluminum is exceptionally intelligent so its utilized in mirrors, reflectors and warmth safe garments for firemen to utilize. Separating Aluminum (See index chart 2) A steel holder is covered with carbon this is the negative cathode Electrolysis currently starts. As aluminum is denser than the alumina and cryolite, it tumbles to the base where it is tapped off as unadulterated fluid metal. Oxygen is expelled from the positive carbon anodes. Oxygen responds with the carbon to shape make carbon dioxide. Extraction of Iron Iron is extricated from its mineral in a Blast Furnace. The mineral is called Haematite. This is iron oxide. The iron metal has debasements in it, normally silica. Limestone is added to the iron mineral which responds with the silica which structures liquid calcium silicate in the impact heater. The calcium silicate coasts on the fluid iron. Iron is low in the Reactivity Series, so iron mineral is diminished into iron metal by warming with coke. How the Blast Furnace Works (See supplement Diagram 3) Hot air is impacted into the Blast Furnace which makes the carbon or coke to touch off. The temperature is about 2000oC. Carbon dioxide responds with the carbon and makes carbon monoxide. This lessens iron in the metal into iron metal. Iron at that point drops to the base as fluid iron and is tapped off varying. Properties and Uses of Iron Iron is an attractive metal. Iron from a Blast Furnace contains around 5% carbon which originates from the coke in the heater. It is placed into molds called pigs, and the iron is then called cast iron or pig iron. It is weak and splits effectively, yet it has a decent protection from erosion contrasted with unadulterated iron or steel. Cast iron is utilized for sewer vent covers and for motor squares for petroleum and diesel motors. Carbon is expelled from liquid cast iron by gurgling air through it. The air responds with the carbon before it responds with the iron since its increasingly receptive (the carbon). Unadulterated iron with the carbon evacuated is called created iron. This metal is effectively molded and is utilized for decorative metal work like entryways. The iron in the Blast Furnace is made into steel for use in development. Compounds containing Iron The iron compounds are steel, manganese steel and treated steel. Steel is an installation of iron and carbon. The level of carbon may shift from 0.1% to 1.5% giving prepares various properties. Steel is economical and solid and effortlessly formed. It very well may be utilized on the development of scaffolds, structures, boats and vehicles. The greater part of the steel is reused. Steel will require a defensive coat, similar to paint or it will rust. Rusting turns around the procedure that occurs in a Blast Furnace. Manganese steel is a combination of iron. Its iron (84%) and manganese (15%) and carbon (1%). It is exceptionally hard and is utilized for railroad focuses and digging hardware. Tempered steel is a combination of iron. It is iron (80%) and chromium (15%), nickel (4%) and carbon (1%). Tempered steel is solid, hard and opposes consumption. It is utilized in cookware, cutlery and mechanical substance plants. Erosion of Iron and Steel At the point when iron is presented to air it will come back to its oxide. This is called rusting or eroding. This procedure needs both oxygen and water, salt or corrosive will make eroding quicker. You can forestall rust by covering the surface so the air doesnt come into contact with it. It can likewise be ensured by an increasingly receptive metal (See the Reactivity Series in the addendum graph 1). Iron and steel are for the most part secured by paint, plastic covering or metal plating. Zinc plating is called arousing. Chromium plating is utilized for haggles of vehicles to give a cleaned surface. Conciliatory security is utilized for ships, submerged pipelines and oil rigs. Extraction of Copper Copper is now and then found as a local metal. Copper mineral can be diminished by making it respond with carbon. The most widely recognized route is by warming copper sulfide metal which separates. The tainted copper that outcomes is called rankle copper. Around half of all copper is reused every year. Unadulterated copper is required for acceptable electrical conductivity. Unadulterated copper is produced using the extraction strategy for electrolysis. Extraction of Copper Purification (see informative supplement chart 4) The unclean copper, when power is gotten through the cell, copper breaks up at the anode into arrangement. Copper structures at the cathode by decrease. Copper particles move from the anode to the cathode. The anode gets littler and the cathode gets bigge

Miracle-Ear Interviewing Guide Essays - Computer Performance

Marvel Ear Interviewing Guide Applicant : Marie Weirich Area: Hopkinsville Position: PCC Pay: Accessibility: Actively Looking __________________________________________________________________________________________ Adaptability : Assess if the up-and-comer can possibly develop past section level execution . How could you find out about the open door ? What provoked your advantage ? Is it accurate to say that you are directly working? Supportability : Assess if the competitor is searching for a vocation or only their next activity. What do you feel is your most prominent expert achievement ? What steps have you taken to learn and develop in your profession? How would you believe you will lift our group execution? W cap steps do you take to figure out how to utilize new innovation or programming? How would you handle protests dependent on cost? Synopsis:

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 - Essay Example Infringement of outright right doesn't require the harm to be demonstrated and it noteworthy as such, Ashby v. White4. The idea of Damnum5 and Injuria6 corresponding to convoluted risk clarifies the genuine importance of lawful harms. Damnum and Injuria are interrelated and decides act noteworthy or not significant. These two components have cozy relationship with convoluted risk. The connection between these two terms is clarified in the two sayings I) Injuria sine damno and ii) damnum sine (or obsque) injuria. Injuria sine damno: There are two torts one is significant per se7 and the other is noteworthy just on evidence of harm. Each individual has an outright right to invulnerability of his individual, to his property, and to his freedom. Encroachment of this privilege is noteworthy in essence. In the event of injuria sine damno an individual whose rights are encroached has reason for activity despite the fact that there is no real misfortune or harm. Ashby v. White4 For this situation a lawfully qualified vote of an individual was denied perniciously causing injuria, however the individual for whom casted a ballot was chosen, causing no misfortune, held it is significant applying the proverb injuria sine damno. Damnum sine injuria: In damnum sine injuria, where there is a genuine and considerable misfortune (Damnum) without encroachment of lawful right (Injuria) no activity leis. In a suit for harms dependent on a tort the offended party can't succeed only on the ground of harm except if he shows that the harm was brought about by infringement of his lawful right. Coming up next are the cases of Damnum sine injuria: Interference of permeating water:- A landowner and factory proprietor who had for around six years appreciated the utilization of a stream, which was essentially provided by permeating underground water, lost the utilization of the stream after a connecting proprietor burrowed on his own ground a broad well to gracefully water to the occupants of the locale. In

Americanah as a Sex-Positive Bildungsroman - Literature Essay Samples

Many feminists deem sex-positive sex education necessary in order to promote safe, consensual, and healthy sex habits in adolescents that will leave an effect that lasts a lifetime. In the novel Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, however, Ifemelu’s journey through learning about herself as a sexual being seems, at times, less than healthy, and certainly not sex-positive. In Nigeria she has no formal sex education to speak of, and what she learns from the women in her community about sex varies from a religious abstinence-only education to a rather sexist one, involving a very boys will be boys attitude. And when Ifemelu goes to America, she sees a very different result of a similarly flawed sex education system: one where racism infiltrates its way into the bedroom on a consistent basis. Yet despite the tumultuous path she takes to get there, Ifemelu ultimately comes out of her adolescence as a sex-positive woman. Americanah by Chimamanda Adichie has a multitude of plots, but Ifemelu’s journey serves in part as a sex-positive bildungsroman. Adichie’s TED Talk, â€Å"We Should All Be Feminists,† outlines exactly how feminism is inherently sex-positive. When criticizing globally sexist practices, Adichie says, â€Å"we teach girls to shrink themselves, to make themselves smaller.† Teaching girls to â€Å"make themselves smaller† implies that the patriarchy teaches women that they should feel less powerful than men. When thought of in a sexual light, that power imbalance becomes even more toxic. Adichie continues: â€Å"Because I am female, I am expected to aspire to marriage. I am expected to make my life choices always keeping in mind that marriage is the most important †¦ Why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage but we don’t teach boys the same?† This quotation furthers the problematic nature of being unfeminist in a heterosexual relationship, using Adichie’s definition of feminist from her TED Talk, â€Å"a person who believes in the social, political, and econo mic equality of the sexes.† If women are supposed to only seek out marriage, it makes sense that they would settle for men who do not treat them well, who encourage them to â€Å"make themselves smaller† and give them less agency, which sounds genuinely dangerous in terms of one’s sex life. Finally, Adichie suggests that, â€Å"we teach girls that they cannot be sexual beings in the way that boys are.† This statement, within a lecture titled â€Å"We Should All Be Feminists,† is inherently sex-positive. Adichie is saying if boys have the freedom to be sexual beings, then girls should be afforded the same opportunity, which is both sex-positive and feminist. In fact, Adichie’s upbringing in Nigeria mirrors the differences in sex-positivity that Ifemelu sees when she comes to America. For instance, in her TED Talk, Adichie had the following experience upon identifying as a feminist in Nigeria: â€Å"An academic, a Nigerian woman, told me that feminism was not our culture, feminism wasn’t African, and that I was calling myself a feminist because I had been corrupted by Western books.† Maybe to some people, even â€Å"an academic† such as the woman Adichie mentions here, feminism â€Å"wasn’t African,† but in a lot of ways it isn’t American either. For instance, when Ifemelu goes to get her hair braided, she observes a rather unfeminist interaction between an African American woman and the African women braiding her hair. Adichie writes,Halima’s customer tilted her head this way and that in front of the mirror and said, ‘Thank you so much, it’s gorgeous!’ After she left, Mariama said, ‘Very small girl and already she has two children.’ ‘Oh oh oh, these people,’ Halima said. ‘When a girl is thirteen already she knows all the positions. Never in Afrique!’ ‘Never!’ Mariama agreed. (Adichie 126) Halima and Mariama slut-shame African American women as a whole here. They believe that this African American customer has children so young because she is promiscuous due to the fact that she had a very early knowledge of sex, or â€Å"already knows all the positions.† However, in some cases, having an early knowledge of sex can be very empowering for women. Perhaps if Ifemelu had more sex education other than, â€Å"to let him kiss and touch but not to let him put it inside,† then her first sexual experiences would have been more comfortable (Adichie 65). Maybe the African American woman in the braiding salon wanted children young and was happily sexually active, or maybe she herself could have also benefited from learning about contraception at a younger age before she started having sex. No matter what this woman’s circumstance is, it benefits neither group of women for them to judge one another on their sexual practices. In fact, it plays into the patriarchal notion that women should not support each other, thereby â€Å"shrink[ing] themselves† and making them ununited and less powerful. Ifemelu’s early experiences and instructions about sex were far less than sex-positive, and, therefore, unfeminist. In a caricature of a religious, abstinence-oriented upbringing, a leader at church tells a girl in front of Ifemelu, I saw you wearing tight trousers last Saturday,’ Sister Ibinabo said to a girl, Christie, in an exaggerated whisper, low enough to pretend it was a whisper but high enough for everyone to hear. †¦ ‘Any girl that wears tight trousers wants to commit the sin of temptation. It is best to avoid it. (Adichie 61)Sexualizing someone not even old enough to be called anything but a â€Å"girl† seems rather inappropriate, and definitely feels like a function of the patriarchy. Ifemelu grew up in a world where â€Å"wearing tight trousers† and thereby owning her body a bit is something to be publicly shamed for, exemplified by the fact that â€Å"Sister Ibinabo† chastised â€Å"Christie, in an exaggerated whisper, low enough to pretend it was a whisper but high enough for everyone to hear† on purpose. An upbringing like this one seems plainly unfeminist and sexist, but Ifemelu also has to deal with more grey area when learning about how the world around her sees the feminine aspect of her identity. Two important female mentors in Ifemelu’s life, Aunty Uju and Obinze’s mother, give Ifemelu some rather convoluted advice on growing into a sexual being. For instance, when Obinze’s mother takes it upon herself to direct Ifemelu’s sex life, her intentions definitely seem more positive than Sister Ibinabo’s were, yet her advice is still problematic. For example, Obinze’s mother says, My advice is that you wait. You can love without making love. It is a beautiful way of showing your feelings but it brings responsibility †¦ I will advise you to wait until you are at least in university, wait until you own yourself a little more. (Adichie 87)Obinze’s mother is not entirely in the wrong here. Her advice gives Ifemelu the freedom to wait, and also supports her eventually becoming sexually active. However, she does not give Ifemelu the option to have sex in the present moment if she wanted to. She encourages waiting, and fears that Ifemelu is too young to handle the â€Å"responsibility.† Ideally, people Ifemelu’s age should be educated about having safe, responsible sex early on so that when these sexual desires come, they can have sex safely. But Obinze’s mother knows that is not the case with Ifemelu and her son, so she tries to protect both of them in a rather condescending manner that unfortunately does not give Ifemelu much agency in the situation. However, talking about the complexities of sexual relationships at all definitely sounds like it was a positive thing for Ifemelu. After all, before speaking with Obinze’s mother about this, her only conversations with adults about sex were rather brief and vague ones with Aunty Uju, such as this instance here: Aunty Uju brought her James Hadley Chase novels wrapped in newspaper to hide the near-naked women on the cover †¦ talked her through her first menstrual period, supplementing her mother’s lecture that was full of biblical quotes about virtue but lacked useful details about cramps and pads. When Ifemelu met Obinze, she told Aunty Uju that she had met the love of her life, and Aunty Uju told her to let him kiss and touch but not to let him put it inside. (Adichie 65)Although Aunty Uju definitely exposed Ifemelu to a bit more realistic sexuality that â€Å"her mother’s lecture that was full of biblical quotes about virtue but lacked useful details,† unfortunately Aunty Uju also falls victim to teaching Ifemelu to be ashamed of her identity as a sexual being. For instance, the â€Å"James Hadley Chase novels† were â€Å"wrapped in newspaper to hide the near-naked women on the cover,† rather than the female body in its natural form being celebrated. It makes sense that Aunty Uju felt the need to hide these things in a household so religious as Ifemelu’s mother’s, it just seems like an unfortunate outcome nonetheless. As progressive as Aunty Uju might sound in comparison to Ifemelu’s mother, she still approaches talking to Ifemelu about sex in an abstinence oriented manner, saying she should not let Obinze â€Å"put it inside.† However, all this did not stop her from having sexual desire, and, incredibly enough, it didn’t stop her from expressing that desire to Obinze at a pretty young age. When the couple first meets and flirts with one another, Ifemelu asks, â€Å"aren’ t we going to kiss?’ †¦ He just seemed startled. ‘Where did that come from?’ ‘I’m just asking† (Adichie 75). Here, Ifemelu elicits a lot of hope. Although she grew up being told all her life that her sexuality was a negative thing, from having church leaders denounce and sexualize the young female body to having her mother and Aunty shy around the topic of female sexuality, Ifemelu still has the confidence to assert herself as a sexual being. By asking, â€Å"aren’t we going to kiss?† Ifemelu implies that she has a sexual desire she is confident enough to voice, which seems pretty remarkable and sex-positive for a person with an upbringing such as her own. Although Obinze might not have as much toxic masculinity as some of the other male characters in the book, Ifemelu’s initial sexual experiences with him seem pretty problematic at times. Obinze follows a rather textbook boys will be boys attitude and does not take personal responsibility for his sexual actions in the way that Ifemelu was taught to at the beginning of the novel. For instance, just before they have sex for the first time, Obinze tries to convince Ifemelu that having sex with him is okay even though she does not seem sure about her choice. She says to him, â€Å"you’ll say anything now because your brain is between your legs,† and Obinze responds, â€Å"but my brain is always there!† (Adichie 114). Here, Obinze blames his masculinity for trying to convince Ifemelu to have sex with him. Saying his â€Å"brain is always there† might have been Obinze trying to be funny, but in actuality it relieves him of any blame of trying to persuade I femelu into doing something she had not thought through herself beforehand. As one would expect after a comment such as this, Ifemelu’s first experience with sex sounds less that ideal. Adichie describes Ifemelu’s first time, writing, â€Å"she had been tense through it all, unable to relax †¦ She had imagined his mother watching them; the image had forced itself onto her mind† (Adichie 114). Here, Ifemelu has two rather uncomfortable experiences. Firstly, she genuinely does not feel comfortable with her decision to have sex with Obinze, evidenced by the fact that she â€Å"had been tense through it all, unable to relax.† Secondly, during the first time she has sex the shame that the older women around her taught her to feel around the act stuck to her mind so closely that it inhibited her ability to enjoy sex at all. She feels so guilty for being a sexual being that the â€Å"image [of Obinze’s mother] had forced itself onto her mind.† Clearly an intrusive thought like this suggests that Obinze’s mother had a pretty big (and somewhat negative) impact on how she views her own sexuality. It is important to note that she still felt this shame even though she was in university and owned herself a bit more, as Obinze’s mother suggested. Owning yourself, or your own sexuality, sounds like a difficult feat when the world and its patriarchy tells you that your body is not your own. As if on a mission to prove that the patriarchy feels entitled to the female body, especially the Black female body, Adichie includes a rather upsetting nonconsensual sexual experience in Ifemelu’s narrative. Ifemelu’s experience getting paid for sex acts with the tennis coach reads as tragic, rightfully so. Adichie writes, that Ifemelu, â€Å" did not want to be here, did not want his active finger between her legs, did not want his sigh-moans in her ear, and yet she felt her body rousing to a sicking wetness †¦ He had not forced her. She had come here on her own† (Adichie 190). However, although â€Å"she had come† to his house â€Å"on her own,† her experiences as a member of the African Diaspora did, for all intensive purposes, â€Å"force† her to go to his home and have a sexual experience she did not at all want to have. As Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw explains in â€Å"Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,† The problem with identity politics is not that it fails to transcend difference, as some critics charge, but rather the opposite- that it frequently conflates or ignores intra group differences. In the context of violence against women, this elision of difference is problematic, fundamentally because the violence that many women experience is often shaped by other dimensions of their identities, such as race and class. (Crenshaw 1) Crenshaw’s words ring wildly true in Ifemelu’s case. In her interaction with the tennis coach, she definitely experienced â€Å"violence.† Afterwards, Ifemelu notes that, â€Å"She could not sleep, she could not distract herself† (Adichie 191). However, as Crenshaw wrote, this violence was â€Å"shaped by other dimensions of †¦ [her identity], such as race a nd class.† If Ifemelu had been like her white roommates, born in America and immune to the specific type of racism Black African women experience, she could have gotten another job and made money immediately. If her parents or more of her family lived in America she might have had other people who could keep her going financially until she found a job herself, as she eventually ended up doing. But the body Ifemelu inhabits, that of a Black woman in the African Diaspora, set her up in terms of her â€Å"race and class† to experience the â€Å"violence against women† that Crenshaw mentioned. Additionally, Crenshaw proves her point further later in her work, saying, I observed the dynamics of structural intersectionality during a brief field study of battered womens shelters located in minority communities in Los Angeles. In most cases, the physical assault that leads women to these shelters is merely the most immediate manifestation of the subordination they experience. Many women who seek protection are unemployed or underemployed, and a good number of them are poor. Shelters serving these women cannot afford to address only the violence inflicted by the batterer; they must also confront the other multilayered and routinized forms of domination that often converge in these womens lives, hindering their ability to create alternatives to the abusive relationships that brought them to shelters in the first place. Many women of color, for example, are burdened by poverty, child-care responsibilities, and the lack of job skills. These burdens, largely the consequence of gender and class oppression, are then compounded by the racially discriminatory employment and housing practices women of color often face. Women of color are burdened as well by the disproportionately high unemployment among people of co lor that make battered women of color less able to depend on the support of friends and relatives for temporary shelter. (Crenshaw 2) Ifemelu’s â€Å"burdens† that led her to being inappropriately touched by the white man who paid her to do so were, in large part, as Crenshaw wrote, â€Å"largely the consequence of gender and class oppression.† If Ifemelu were a Black American man, perhaps she would have been offered work for doing manual labor rather than being paid to subject herself to a sexual assailant. In this way, her identity as a woman was indeed â€Å"compounded by the racially discriminatory employment and housing practices women of color often face.† With Crenshaw’s backing and research, it becomes clear that Ifemelu’s rather tragic experience has a lot to do with the intersection of her identity as a woman and her identity as a person of color in the African Diaspora. As Patricia Hill Collins writes in Black Sexual Politics, â€Å"because Black feminist analyses pay more attention to women’s sexuality, they too identify how the sexual exploitation of women has been a basic ingredient of racism† (Collins 87). This further proves the point that Ifemelu’s â€Å"sexual exploitation† here comes from racism. The tennis coach exploits her financial need as a result of her race and class, and puts her in an rather traumatizing situation as result. When Ifemelu reaches adulthood, she has a rather racialized sexual journey with her white boyfriend, Curt. For instance, Ifemelu notices that,In bed he was anxious. ‘Do you like that? Do you enjoy me?’ he asked often. And she said yes, which was true, but she sensed that he did not always believe her, or that his belief lasted only so long before he would need to hear her affirmation again. There was something in him, lighter than ego but darker than insecurity, that need ed constant buffing, polishing, waxing. (Adichie 257)At first glance, it seems as though Curt just likes Ifemelu a lot and feels eager to please her. Asking â€Å"do you enjoy me?† sounds like a considerate question to ask. However, Ifemelu notices that these questions are not particularly about her pleasure as much as they were about him hearing â€Å"her affirmation.† She notes that something deep inside Curt seemed â€Å"lighter than ego but darker than insecurity.† This negative feeling Ifemelu notices is, unfortunately, a function of Curt’s racism. For instance, Collins writes, West African people’s proximity to wild animals, especially apes, raised in Western imaginations the specter of ‘wild’ sexual practices in an uncivilized, inherently violent wilderness. Through colonial eyes, the stigma of biological Blackness and the seeming primitiveness of African cultures marked the borders of extreme abnormality. For Western sciences t hat were mesmerized with body politics, white Western normality became constructed on the backs of Black deviance, with an imagined Black hyper-heterosexual deviance at the heart of the enterprise. (Collins 120)This information explains why Ifemelu felt as though Curt’s actions during sex expressed something about him â€Å"darker than insecurity, that needed constant buffing, polishing, waxing.† This thing was, more accurately, his whiteness. His insecurity comes from his racist â€Å"Western imagination† of the idea that Black people have â€Å"wild’ sexual practices in an uncivilized, inherently violent wilderness.† He worries that because he is white, her â€Å"imagined Black hyper-herterosexual deviance† will not be satisfied with his â€Å"White Western normality,† hence making his insecurity less than pure. Because Curt’s internalized racism tainted Ifemelu’s sex life with him and made it sound rather unpleasurable, she cheats on him. When describing her sexual consort, the man who lives in her building, Ifemelu is simply looking for the positive, unproblematic, exclusively sexual experience she did not get to have at any other point throughout the novel. She explains that, â€Å"the way he dressed made him seem superficial to her, and yet she was curious about him, about how he would be, naked in bed with her† (Adichie 356). The fact that Ifemelu expresses her sexual desire so bluntly points toward a sexual revolution in her narrative. When describing her encounter with the man in her building, she notes that, â€Å"the sex was good the first time† (Adichie 365). It was not uncomfortable, or tainted by shame in herself as a sexual being. She did not feel as though her identity was being exploited as it had been before. The sex simply felt â€Å"good.† Although the Western world in particular treats infidelity as something inherently negative, the fact that this sexual experience was the most sex-positive one Ifemelu had thus far in the narrative seems like an inherently positive thing, and a breakthrough in her sexual coming of age. Ifemelu completes her sex-positive bildungsroman when she stands up for her sexual identity when Curt attempts to slut shame her. Slut shaming involves someone shaming another person for their identity as a being with sexual desires, and can feel rather humiliating. For example, Curt tells Ifemelu that when she slept with the man in their building, she,†¦ gave him what he wanted,’ Curt said. The planes of his face were hardening. It was an odd thing for Curt to say, the sort of thing Aunty Uju, who thought of sex as something a woman gave a man at a loss to herself, would say. In a sudden giddy fit of recklessness, she corrected Curt. ‘I took what I wanted. If I gave him anything, then it was incidental.’ (Adichie 357)This moment represents the final chapter of Ifemelu’s character going from someone uncomfortable with her own sexuality to a confident, feminist, sex-positive woman. She recognizes that the women who first taught her about sex was not inh erently sex-positive, then compares Curt’s slut shaming statement to that upbringing, noting how what Curt said was â€Å"an odd thing for Curt to say, the sort of thing Aunty Uju, who thought of sex as something a woman gave a man at a loss to herself, would say.† Ifemelu feels â€Å"giddy† when she tells Curt that she â€Å"took what †¦ [she] wanted,† her own sexual pleasure, because she finally has the confidence and feminist mindset to appreciate her own sexuality and not let others shame her for it simply because of her identity. In Adichie’s Americanah, readers watch Ifemelu transform from a girl taught to be ashamed of her own sexuality, to someone who takes confident ownership of her identity as a sex-positive Black woman. Although Ifemelu’s positive outcome at the end with Curt might seem unrealistic, it gives a rather hopeful feeling that even with a lack of early sex-positive, feminist sex education, women still have the possibility to have sex free of shame and other problematic ideas. As a Black woman in the African Diaspora, Ifemelu faces even more challenges when confronting her sexual identity, but Adichie gives her character a positive outcome nonetheless, encouraging all readers that sex-positivity, just like feminism, is possible no matter the oppression one faces. Works Cited Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. Americanah. Anchor Books, 2014.Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. Routledge, 2006.Crenshaw, Kimberle. â€Å"Mapping the Margins.† Jstor.â€Å"Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.†TEDtalksDirector. â€Å"We Should All Be Feminists | Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.† YouTube, YouTube, 15 May 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6ufvYWTqQ0.

Meninges Function and Layers, and Health Problems

Physics 1 - 1373 Words

Galileo Galilei Introduction It is no question that Galileo was an influential scientist in his time and still is today (picture located on page 6 from google.com). Though his most notable discoveries were in the field of astronomy, we cannot label him simply as an astronomer. He authored many important works including, Sidereal Messenger (also known as Starry Messenger), but unfortunately, due to the power of the Catholic church in his native Italy, his work in astronomy was widely rejected by his countrymen. His contributions to physics also place him in the ranks of the greatest scientists of all time. Without Galileo’s contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and physics, we would lack many basic understandings of the universe and†¦show more content†¦However, contrary to legend, he did not experiment by dropping weights off the leaning tower of Pisa but rather by rolling spheres down an inclined plane. Galileo’s most famous discoveries are his contributions to astronomy. Though he did not invent the telescope (it had long been used by sailors and soldiers to view objects in the distance) he improved upon it. The telescope used to view the heavens was supposedly brought to Venice by the Dutch in 1609. Catching wind of this, Galileo built his own telescope and then within a week made another improved version (Rosen, 180). He used it to observe Earth’s moon and other bodies in the solar system. He was the first to observe the phases of Venus, the composite structure of Saturn, Jupiter’s four moons, and mountains on Earth’s moon. Pictured above is Galileo’s personal telescope. Galileo’s description of the moon was also a point of controversy. As Galileo observed, and as we know today, the moon is a solid object whose surface is rough: covered with mountains and craters. Though this does not shock us, to those living in 17th century Italy, this description was frightening because it did not coincide with a description of the moon in the book of Revelation. 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Operation Management Evidence Based Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management for Evidence Based Nursing. Answer: Introduction Operational management is a sector of management which is concerned with the controlling and designing the total procedure of production and if needed then redesigning the operation of business also for the production of services or goods. It involves the thoughts that these management operations are really important for meeting up the requirements of the customers. It involves all the procedures from inputs to outputs. Operational management is very crucial for any company to run. If there is no proper operational management then a company might just land up to the condition where Hawkesbury had landed up. Operational management gives a depth to the company. Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd is a kitchen company which deals with the designing and manufacturing custom-built kitchen cabinetry. The brother and sister Fung and Mei Chen are the founders of this company. For the growth of any company the main thing that is the most important is the coordination between the co-workers. So, here in the given company, the coordination between Fung and Mei was very nice (Huang, Chiu, Huang, 2016). They both distributed their roles and together took the company forward. Here we are going to discuss on how the urge of getting more orders and money brought about a decrease in profit margin. Fung had taken the role of production and operations manager and Mei, on the other hand, had taken the duty of the finance department and also the overall management of the enterprise. Keeping in mind the current production system they tried to maintain one thing in their company throughout, that is quality (SundtoftHaldMouritsen, 2013). For that reason, they also took up low volume contracts so that with great work pressure they do not lose their reputation which they have gained with great difficulty. They also did not limit themselves to high volume works. They respected both high and low ranged orders. In this way, they always had a flow of orders throughout. Sometimes the clients also wanted Hawkesbury to manufacture a limited range of kitchen cabinets in small batches. And the batch size varied from a single kitchen up to five kitchens of similar designs and specifications. And these buyers were much strict on on-time delivery and at the same time they were also very much price sensitive. The selling of these kinds of ready-made kitchens gave them more profit than the selling of custom designed cabinetry. So the decision of making this kind of overall kitchen as a whole was a wise one in the case of Mei. And Fung on the other hand also impressed the customers by providing a quality product on time (Operational risk management, 2013). So we all know that in business we always have to give importance to our clients and try to satisfy them. This is what these two siblings did in this case. Their management skills were not in their excellence. They could not maintain sustainability in their business. It was not attractive at all. They were also losing the name and reputation which they had earned in the past years. They used to be a kitchen cabinetry company but they improvised their production type and brought variety to their company and also diversified their business at one go ("Attractive, affordable cabinetry", 2011). But as we know that with every good side a bad side is also included. Here also due to the production of both cabinet kitchen and standard kitchen there was huge work pressure in the production department. This led to the production of partial completion of assignments. They were focusing both on custom and standard kitchen at the same time without thinking about other factor associated with it. They did not have enough space in their factory and neither did they provide any separate space for the production of the products and due to lack of space, they could not even fit the completed products in that area ("Harkinson's Kitchen Cabinet Table", 1896). Hence they had to hire warehouse to store the completed sets of a kitchen, which was an extra expenditure for them. Sometimes even due to high work pressure they lost the track of time of delivery. They delayed the delivery. This caused them lose their reputation in the market. Moreover, the cost, that they had to bear to produce the s tandard kitchen were much higher than the cost that they had to bear to produce custom kitchen. But they got less paid for the standard kitchen. And as days passed the cost associated with standard kitchen were increasing and they were not being able to cope with the situation. Their overall profit margin was also going down (Allasio Fischer, 2010). From the given case we get to know about their misuse of operation management. According to the definition of operation management, the activities of the company should get enhanced day by day. In any business, the business should positively go further towards the improvement and prosperity. But in this business, nothing as such is being seen. Their business is showing deterioration. Their operational management was not at good. They could not manage the input the output of the company. They never understood that the orders those were given by the builders though was a good opportunity but they were actually exploiting them. They were giving them a good amount of orders but they were not paying well (Radomska, 2014). Getting good production is good but new production can only be possible if the old produce can bring enough money for the new ones and also for the modification of the company. Though they got good production, they also increased their company strengths but their profit margin was declining day by day. They just did not go through the expenditures that they were that they were having to pay for each production. They did not have any budget sense as to how much their expenditure towards their products. For any business, a budget sense is very necessary without which no business can flourish (Hellemans, 2002). Yes, their business was increasing but they were not gaining much. The increase in business does not mean that it shall only increase in breadth but it should also increase in economy. They started very well but in the end, they just got messed up due to lack of operational management skill on the part of both the brother and the sister. Their policies were not up to the mark. They should have taken the advice of any other financial advisor to have a better knowledge about the financial condition (Jiang, Klein, Beck, Wang, 2007). Conclusion As discussed above that operational management is very important for every company. Without proper operational management, the working of the company cannot be looked over properly. Like in the above case we have seen that in the urge to get more production and in trying to increase their company they lost their profit margins. While running a company we should have in mind that if one thing changes then other things will also change in the company. There will be problems in the business but those problems have to be sorted on time to get the better of the company. Hence, we can say that a good operational management is very much essential for any company to continue in the long run. References Allasio, D. Fischer, H. (2010). How Far Can Toddlers Reach Onto a Standard Kitchen Countertop?.Clinical Pediatrics,50(3), 262-263. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922810382573 Attractive, affordable cabinetry. (2011).BDJ,211(8), 392-392. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.897 Forchuk, C. (2001). Properly planned de-institutionalisation for mental illness maintained most in community living with enhanced quality of life.Evidence-Based Nursing,4(2), 63-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebn.4.2.63 Harkinson's Kitchen Cabinet Table. (1896).Sci Am,21(3build), 48-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican03011896-48cbuild Hellemans, A. (2002). Getting into good company.Nature,416(6883), 5-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nj6883-05a Huang, Y., Chiu, S., Huang, Z. (2016). A study on optimal ordering strategy for multi-product under contract constraint and stochastic demand an example on S-Kitchen Life Company.Journal Of Industrial And Production Engineering, 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2016.1191553 Jiang, J., Klein, G., Beck, P., Wang, E. (2007). Lack of Skill Risks to Organizational Technology Learning and Software Project Performance.Information Resources Management Journal,20(3), 32-45. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2007070103 Operational risk management. (2013). Singapore. Radomska, J. (2014). The operational risk associated with the strategy implementation.Management,18(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2014-0040 SundtoftHald, K. Mouritsen, J. (2013). Enterprise resource planning, operations, and management.IntJrnlOf Op Prod Management,33(8), 1075-1104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-11-2011-0430.

Karl Marx Essays (279 words) - Karl Marx, Economic Ideologies

Karl Marx Karl Marx Karl Marx was a German scholar who lived in the nineteenth century. He spent most of his life studying, thinking and writing about history and economics. A many years of study, much of it spent in England, he believed that he understood more deeply than anyone who had ever lived before him why there is injustice i world. He said that all injustice and inequality is a result of one underlying conflict in society. He called it a 'class struggle', that is, a conflict bet the class of people who can afford to own money- producing businesses, whom he called 'capitalists' or 'the bourgeosie', and the class of people who do not surplus money to buy businesses and who are therefore forced to work for wage whom he called 'workers'. Marx said that, because it was always in the economic interest of capita to take advantage of or 'exploit' workers, nothing could persuade capitalists change their ways. In other words, peaceful progess toward equality and social justice was impossible. The only way to establish justice, he said, was for t workers to overthrow the capitalists by means of violent revolution. He urged workers around the world to revolt against their rulers. Workers of the world unite! he wrote. You have nothing to lose but your chains. Another thing Marx taught was that organized religion, the churches, help capitalists to keep the workers quiet and obedient. Religion, according to Mar 'the opiate of the masses'. The church tells working people to forget about the injustice they meet in their lives and to think instead of how wonderful it will in the after- life when they go to heaven. Marx, with his colleague, Engels, spread his ideas in two famous books, Capital' and 'The Communist Manifesto'. Philosophy

Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology

Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and PsychopathologyCase VignetteJoanne is a 26-year-old single African American female of the Pentecostal faith, who recently moved to the Chicago Area to take a job in the publishing business. Joanne is requesting medication because she fills â€Å"unstable†.   The history she describes seems to have begun about four years ago when she was in college, getting As in most of her classes, and having a wide circle of friends. During a particularly stressful period of final exams, she began to feel depressed, had difficulty sleeping and eating, and lost about fifteen pounds.Although she completed her exams satisfactorily, her symptoms continued for about the next two months, and during that time she became more isolated socially. After she graduated, she felt much better, got a job, and felt increasingly energized. She began feeling so energized she didnt seem to need much sleep and would wake up after 3 or 4 hours  feeling wide awake and could pu t in 10 and 11 hour days of work.She would feel her thoughts racing with new ideas and seemed to come up with creative ideas, although she often did not carry through on these, or other people didnt seem to understand them. Although she denies the use of drugs or excessive use of alcohol, she does admit that she was partying and socializing a great deal. She said that at this time she found herself preoccupied with sexual thoughts and found sexual implications in whatever people said to her or what she saw on TV.She was also very talkative and felt euphoric except at those times when she became extremely irritable and cranky towards people. She found herself striking up conversations with complete strangers. She began to feel like she could hear people that actually werent there talking to her, and she began to think that her apartment could be haunted. These voices would sometimes tell her to do things, like line objects up in a certain order, or take a different route home, or sta rt saying certain words aloud. She also felt like she could read other peoples thoughts and was sure they could read hers and that they would answer her thoughts even when she didnt say them out loud. Im sure Ive always been psychic, she said, but it just really took off. I could sense all kinds of things.She said her friends became concerned and took her to an emergency room. She was hospitalized for several days and put on lithium. Most of her symptoms seemed to abate. Although she felt more fatigued and slowed down, her sleeping pattern improved, and her appetite increased. In the course of the move to the Chicago land Area, she had discontinued her use of the medication shed been given- the prescription had run out, and she had lost contact with the prescribing psychiatrist. She has been noticing that she has been having difficulty sleeping, feels jittery, has been getting concerned about what other people are thinking, and is having difficulty focusing on work projects because her thoughts are racing.DiagnosticI would diagnose Joanne with major depressive disorder. To be diagnosed with major depression disorder Joanne must have five of the nine symptoms listed in the DSM-5 present during the same two week period. These systems can last for a week, a month, or several years. It started four years ago while Joanne was in college during a particularly stressful period of final exams. (1) Joanne reported having a major depressive episodes exceeding a two week period, in fact lasting two months, where she has felt depressed. (2) Joanne has reported having insomnia where she will sleep 3 to 4 hours a night and work 10 to 11 hours. (3)Joanne’s appetite changed causing a significant loss of weight, 15 pounds without dieting. (5) Joanne who has many friends but she has become socially isolated.I suspect Joanne to have an Alcohol- Related Disorder.   Although she denies the use of drugs or excessive use of alcohol, she does admit that she parties and socia lizes a great deal.   Joanne’s thoughts raced with new and creative ideas, although she fails to carry through on these ideas. Joanne’s parting has created a physical hazard and interpersonal problems. Joanne finds herself preoccupied with sexual thoughts and sexual implications in whatever people say to her and with what she watches on TV.   There are times when Joanne is very talkative and feels euphoric, and times when she is extremely irritable and cranky towards people. Because Joanne suffers from major depressive disorder and Alcohol-Related Disorder, She finds herself striking up conversations with complete strangers. The alcohol is allowing her to relax and let down her barriers. Joanne reported hearing people that actually werent there talking to her, and she began to think that her apartment could be haunted. The voices that Joanne is hearing are probably due to the severity of the depression.Looking at the diagnostic criteria for Alcohol-Related Disorder s, I’m going to have to change my mind about diagnosing Joanne with alcohol-related disorder, because I don’t see where she has used alcohol to the point where it has become a clinical significant impairment.I still believe Joanne to have Major Depressive Disorder along with Bipolar I Disorder.   In order to diagnose Joanne with bipolar I disorder criteria must be meet for current or past hypomanic episodes plus criteria must be met for major depressive episode. (1) Joanne has lived a normal life and has moved to Chicago to start a career. She is now displaying hypomania, which is consistent of a person with bipolar I disorder. (2) Joanne’s thoughts race with new and creative ideas, although she fails to carry through on these ideas, and other people dont seem to understand them. Joanne flies from one idea to the next.   (3) Joanne is displaying hyperactivity and a (4) decreased need for sleep. She began feeling so energized she didn’t seem to need mu ch sleep and would wake up after 3 or 4 hours  feeling wide awake and could put in 10 and 11 hour days of work.Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology part 2

Census Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Census - Research Paper Example This method of collecting census data is periodic, although as previously mentioned statistics are gathered on a continuous basis also. There are also more regular data inputs from various samples, with 1% of the population being questioned in 1995 and 2005, and 0.1% of the population being questioned on a yearly basis (BBC, 2011). Some of the major problems with the Chinese census stem from the simple fact that it is difficult to gather information on 6 billion people living within one autocratic nation. Although the error margin for the 2010 Chinese census was estimated to be only 2%, this represents over 26.7 million people. Another issue with the Chinese census has been that Chinese people have gradually been becoming aware of the rights that they have when it comes to privacy, and it has been noted that around a third of Chinese residents would be uncomfortable with letting the enumerators into their homes (Branigan, 2011). Opposition has, however, been minimal. Germany Germany uses the registration method for births, deaths and marriages but has not held an official enumeration census since 1987. Between 1875 and 1910, the census was held every 5 years, but since then full population censuses have been sporadic, mainly because Germany was split into East and West for a large part of the 20th century.

Police Recorded Crime and British Crime Survey Essay

Police Recorded Crime and British Crime Survey - Essay Example Different types of graphs that can be created to view tendencies within the data are pie charts, bar charts and scatter plots. Governmental units utilize graphs a lot to inform the general public information. The police department is a governmental unit that uses statistical graphical applications a lot. This paper analyzes two graphs created by that illustrate the amount of crime that occurred in England and Wales last year to determine the discrepancies in the reported crime between the two graphical illustrations. The two graphs studied in this paper reflected the amount of crime and the type of crimes committed in the England and Wales regions. The two sources that reported the crime and created the two graphical illustrations are the police department and the British Crime Survey. Any observer looking at these two graphs would immediately notice that they portrayed two completely different perceptions of the crimes committed in the area. There are multiple reasons why these two graphs show different perceptions of crimes committed in this area. The first reason for the discrepancy is that the two graphs divided crime in totally different categories. The British Crime Survey divides crime in six categories while the police department divides crimes in eleven different categories. There are only three categories in the British Crime Surveys that match the police crimes categories which are burglary, vehicle theft and other theft. The British Crime Survey does not report crimes such as murders, drug procession, commercial crimes or crimes against children. The British Crime Survey data is a yearly survey performed by this organization among the population in the England Wales Region. The survey is realized utilizing a large pool of participants. The survey is sent to approximately 47,000 households and the response rate of the participants is about 75%. The time period of the data collection of the

Comparing and Contrasting PCs and mainframes Essay Example for Free

Comparing and Contrasting PCs and mainframes Essay Before the existence of personal computer or PC, there is minicomputer or microcomputer, the term â€Å"computer† simply referred to mainframes. Mainframes and personal computers have changed drastically over the years but their core functions and systems have stayed the same. The mainframe is used to connect multiple users for large organizations, while personal computers are generally used for a single user. The more drastic changes for mainframes and personal computers have been the increase of speed, memory, and the reduction of size. Mainframes use to be the size of buildings, now they are the size of a normal Intel blade server system. Last time when you need to access the mainframe you need to use a terminal for data entry or retrieve certain data. Then, the idea came to off load some of the processing from the mainframe and place it on a personal computer. Compare A mainframe is not much difference from a personal computer. There are many similarities between mainframes and personal computers which stands to reason since one evolved from the other. Both mainframes and personal computers have one or more central processor units, a huge number of memory, one or more busses, and one or more I/O systems. Another similarity between the two is that they are both IBM-based systems and similar hardware is used to build them. They can also perform some complex calculations, applications and handle multiple programs. Another area is that both require operating system to work and also to handle and optimize all the I/O systems or modules. Differences Although they are much similarity between the mainframes and computer as mention above, the similarity stop there as they are many differences too. Mainframes cost much more in terms of thousands of dollar than a normal personal computer or server. The mainframe nowadays takes up less space and less power consumption compare to a server farm task to do the same job. As mention (Shurkin, 1996), Transaction processing jobs run constantly in real-time and must be available more than 99. 99% of the time. The reboots and lock-ups common with PCs are simply not acceptable. Thousands of individual users can log in simultaneously from a variety of sources such as computer terminals, ATM, or Internet web sites, and complete a single transaction. Time-sharing jobs can be started when needed from a computer terminal by authorized users who then use the mainframe as their own big PC. Finally, batch jobs are started automatically by the system at regular times according to a strict predetermined schedule. Batch jobs are used to do the periodic processing required on the data being received from transaction and time-sharing jobs. Closing the accounting books at month-end or copying disk files to tape for backup are examples of batch type processing. The OS or Operating System in a mainframe such as from IBM z/OS which is the successor to the IBM OS/390 can run Multiple Virtual Systems (MVS). The new IBM z/OS support WebSphere ® Application Server on z/OS, and also the new zFS (System z File System) Direct I/O capability in z/OS. This help to enhance performance improvements to the system, and also provide an easier Parallel Sysplex functionality (IBM, September 2011). In an article by (Barnett G, 2010) stated that the mainframe is best suited for enterprise cloud computing as it is easily able to handle hundreds of complex applications or programs, and most important able to run hundreds of environment in a single physical footprint and easily deliver the 247 availability that our customers demand. Conclusion (Doerbecker Patterson, 2002), stated that the role of the mainframe has gradually changed from that of a data processor to that of a server, with the processing being done on the users PC. It has also been modified to interface to the Internet through the addition of TCP/IP protocols, Unix, and Java programming, to enable businesses to connect to their customers over that network. Once the only form of business computer available, the mainframe has survived the PC revolution and maintained an important function in commercial computing.

College Style :: Education Writing Language Essays

College Style I was sitting at the bar on my favorite bar stool drinking a rather poor bottle of domestic beer. The sun was glaring off the snow on the outside world. It was dark inside, how I liked it. It was a time to collect my thoughts, a time to think the world out in a rational matter, it was time to think of an expository writing assignment. As I sat there peering through the beer glass watching the reflections off the watered down beer that appeared now more like a glass of tainted water, I noticed a few guys come in that were in my Marxist philosophy class. I waived my hand in that "nice to see ya" kind of gesture and they sat down beside me. I was a bit nervous but the courage I had from the first four beers was making me more at ease. These were the smart kids. There were four in all, two girls, two guys. They surrounded me around the bar. I began to sweat and drips of dew dropped down on to the hard plastic bar that had held up my head so many times before. I'd read their papers before . I realized they were the smart kids when reading their papers, I didn't understand what they were saying. Sure, some of the ideas were familiar but the general concepts of their papers were so ahead of my knowledge for the written word that the meaning was gone. was Now I was sitting among them, in a circle, a circle of knowledge. I was embarrassed that I was sitting amongst the greatest minds of the upper-Midwest drinking from a tainted glass with nothing more then a domestic beer. I quickly finished the drink and motioned to the bartender. "Sir," I cried, as only a intellectual could, "bring me a chardonay, spare no expense with the pretzels, and give yourself ten percent." I was pleased at my request. Certainly I would fit in now. In class the smart kids always spoke in such a manner unlike any dialect that I had known before. When the addressed the professor they used words that I didn't know existed, I flew for my dictionary but by then it was always too late. I would try to fit in this time. I swung my chair towards the semi-circle that had surrounded me. I crossed my legs as only poets and small boys can do and grinned at them.

Humanism during renaissance

Renaissance is a term used to describe ‘rebirth' (in French), which began in Italy in late middle age and then spread to other parts of Europe. During the Renaissance people to question the Scholastic methods of that time and their questioning resulted as the birth of humanism. Humanism goes along with secularism in the sense that it makes humans beings, not God, the centre of attention. People began to do things because they enjoyed them rather than for God's glory. It was responsible for the change in the medieval education system, emphasizing on rational and racial thinking.Humanism emphasizes on the importance of knowledge, as well as on the potential of the individual and civil responsibility. This concept of humanism became the core of renaissance style. It was in this age that people began to reason and think rationally. Even the term used for the Renaissance philosophers, ‘humanists', shows how the focus of the people's attention had shifted from Heaven and God to this world and human beings. Individualism takes humanism a step further by saying that individual humans were capable of great accomplishments.Renaissance philosophers saw humans as intelligent creatures capable of reasoning (and questioning the authority) rather than being mindless pawns helplessly manipulated by God. Humanism profoundly affected the artist community and how artists themselves were perceived. The medieval mind viewed artists as humble servants whose talent and ability were meant to honor God. This is evident in the work of medieval artists adoring churches and cathedrals. Renaissance artists, in contrast, were trained intellectuals – well versed in the classical and mathematical principles.And the art that they created reflected this newfound perspective. In art, linear and aerial perspective developed and artists considered their canvases to be windows to the natural world. Their task became to portray the natural world as realistically as possible. Renai ssance art portrayed the human body as a thing of beauty in its own right and not like a medieval comic strip character whose only reason to exist was for the glory of God. People were often conceived as nudes covered in real fabric rather than the medieval concept of clothes with a head and ands showing.Painters eliminated extra features and details so that the viewer's attention would focus on the theme of the painting rather than be distracted by details. Paintings became balanced and started to express emotions. During the middle age, saints in paintings wore halos around their heads; saints would also look larger in size than the humans. As humanism became popular the size of the saints began to look more human, halos became fainter and then eventually disappeared. The media of art evolved as well. Early paintings were usually done with egg tempera, which dried fast and created a flat rough surface.Oil paint was introduced in the early 1 5th century, and became immensely popula r as it dried slowly and was translucent, allowing light to shine through the paintings. Humanism freed remarkable individuals and geniuses such as Leonardo ad Vinci to live up to their potential without being held back by the medieval society that discouraged innovation. Other ways in which individualism is seen during Renaissance is that the artists started signing their paintings, thus showing individualistic pride in their work.During the Renaissances, architects trained as humanists helped raise the status of their profession from skilled laborers to artists. Renaissance architecture shows clarity as it emphasizes on clean lines, geometrical shapes, symmetry, and was very systematical. When comparing the Gothic architecture and the renaissance architecture, the Renaissance architecture seems to be more practical in terms of height, and spacing. As in the classical world, Renaissances architecture is characterized by harmonious form, mathematical proportion, and a unit of measur ement based on human scale.Patrician man The drawing is based on the ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitreous. He describes the human as the principal source of proportion among the classical orders of architect. The image of the man exemplifies the blend of art and science during the Renaissances. An example of the proportions found in the Patrician man – The drawing the length of the outspread arm is equal to the height of a man, from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one tenth of the height of the man, and from below the chin to the top of the head is one eight of the heights of the man form.Above the chest to the top of the head is one- sixth of the height of the man form and from above the chest to the hair line is one – seventh of the height of the man. The maximum width of the shoulder is a quarter of the height of the man. Temple fronts. His keen understanding and observation of classical architecture is al so seen in the Church of Santa' Andrea in Mantra. The columns in this building are not used decoratively but functional as lord bearing support. For Albert', architecture was not Just creating building but to give a meaning.

The Civil War Siege of Vicksburg

The siege of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, was a significant battle of the United States Civil War, and the culmination of one of the most brilliant military campaigns of the war. Vicksburg was a fortress with a massive artillery located on a sharp bend in the Mississippi River. Known as the Gibraltar of the Confederacy, Vicksburg controlled movement and trade along the Mississippi and linked Texas and Louisiana to the rest of the Confederacy. It was the second largest city in Mississippi after Natchez, with an economy based on cotton and riverboat trade and transportation. The 1860 census reports that Vicksburg had a population of 4,591 people, including 3,158 whites, 31 free blacks, and 1,402 slaves. Failed Attempts, and a Plan The north early recognized Vicksburg as a pivotal point, and the first northern siege of the city was attempted in summer 1862 by Admiral David Farragut. General ​Ulysses S. Grant tried again in the winter of 1862-1863, and after two more unsuccessful assaults in May of 1863, Grant began to plan a long-term strategy. To take the fort, there needed to be weeks of bombardment and isolation of Vicksburg from its sources of food, ammunition, and soldiers. Federal forces held the Mississippi River, and as long as the Union forces held their position, the encircled Confederates led by Major Maurice Kavanaugh Simons and the Second Texas Infantry faced decreasing resources. Assembled Union forces began making their way south to Vicksburg during the summer of 1863, masked by occasional forays by gunboats shelling random targets and cavalry raids. By June many of Vicksburgs residents hid in underground caves, and all the people and soldiers were on short rations. The Vicksburg press reported that there would soon be forces coming to their rescue, but General John C. Pemberton who was in charge of Vicksburgs defense knew better and began to scale down expectations. Progress, and a Literary Reference Intermittent shelling from the river increased and intensified during the first week of July, and Vicksburg fell on the fourth. Troops marched in and the stronghold with 30,000 men was ceded to the Union. The battle had 19,233 casualties of which 10,142 were Union soldiers, but the control of Vicksburg meant that the Union commanded traffic on the Mississippi Rivers southern reaches. With the loss of Pemberton’s army and this vital stronghold on the Mississippi, the Confederacy was effectively split in half. Grants successes in the West boosted his reputation, leading ultimately to his appointment as General-in-Chief of the Union armies. Mark Twain and Vicksburg Twenty years later, American satirist Mark Twain used the siege of Vicksburg to craft his Battle of the Sand-Belt in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. According to Mark Twain aficionado and science fiction writer Scott Dalrymple, Grant is represented in the novel by its hero, Boss Hank Morgan. Like reports of the Siege of Vicksburg, the Battle of the Sand-Belt is, says Dalrymple, a relentlessly realistic portrayal of war, a clash between a chivalric, slave-owning, agrarian society and a modern, technologically advanced republic led by a general-president. Sources Braudaway DL. 2001. A Texan Records the Civil War Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi: The Journal of Maj. Maurice Kavanaugh Simons, 1863. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 105(1):92-131.Dalrymple S. 1996. Just War, Pure and Simple: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court and the American Civil War. American Literary Realism, 1870-1910 29(1):1-11.Henry G, and Simms LM. 1967. A Louisiana Engineer at the Siege of Vicksburg: Letters of Henry Ginder. Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 8(4):371-378.Osborn GC. 1955. A Tennessean at the Siege of Vicksburg: The Diary of Samuel Alexander Ramsey Swan, May-July, 1863. Tennessee Historical Quarterly 14(4):353-372.